ENTERTAINMENT

                                   UNBELIEVABLE . . . . . !!!
Africa is full of magics , you can't believe if this thin is happening in this world. have a look at this man, this is unbelievable . . .

TOP 10 RICHEST MUSICIAN IN AFRICA

         According to Forbes, the top ten were determined by a number of factors such as endorsements, brand value, earnings, bookings, popularity, and social media presence. The list shows the African artists making the most money in Africa.

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1. Akon

         Just his name Akon is enough said for this list. This international African superstar has become one of the world’s biggest stars. He’s launched the careers of Lady Gaga and T-Pain. He is the CEO of Konvict Music, a multiple brand ambassador. He’s done what everyone has wanted to do. The best part is that his ties with Africa are still pretty solid, working with P-Square, Wizkid just to mention a few. He’s been known to open doors for other African acts.
         From record sales to YouTube views, concerts to endorsement, affiliations to charities, he is the top of the top and most definitely has given African urban music a face. We don’t need to say much, just google Akon and see why he is without a doubt the number one most bankable African artist.
 

2. Black Coffee – South Africa

       Black Coffee, real name Nkosinathi Maphumulo, has not only raised the bar for South African house music, but has put it on the world map. The multi-award-winning artist was born in South Africa’s house music province, KwaZulu-Natal (KZN), raised in the Eastern Cape province, where struggle stalwart Nelson Mandela hailed from, before moving back to KZN to study music. It was worth it.

3. Hugh Masekela – South Africa.

            
         Born in Witbank, east of Johannesburg, Hugh Masekela is committed to restoring African heritage. This world-renowned flugelhornist, trumpeter, bandleader, composer and singer has released more than 43 albums and performed with Marvin Gaye, Dizzy Gillespie, The Byrds, Fela Kuti, Paul Simon, Stevie Wonder and Miriam Makeba. “The music I make, I don’t call it my music. It is based on my township and indigenous rural roots in South Africa. That’s what brought me fame all over the world,” he says.

4. Don Jazzy – Nigeria.

      Typically producers aren’t the headline in Africa but Don Jazzy has definitely changed this game. Don Jazzy has an influence in Nigeria second to none; when he tweets, things happen. As a recording artist label executive and producer, he is the CEO of Mavin Records home to D Prince and Tiwa Savage. He’s been behind some of the most of the iconic songs in African music history; Oliver Twist perhaps being the biggest to date. Don Jazzy has managed to clinch lucrative deals with MTN and Samsung to mention a few. With a chilled out vibe often known for just moving about in his P.J pants. Don Jazzy is so talented he has producing credits on Kanye West, Jay-Z and Beyoncé’s song ‘Lift Up’.
He also produced ‘Mr. Endowed’ by D’Banj featuring Snoop Dogg. There’s nothing much to say about Don Jazzy because unlike everyone else, his success and achievements do all the talking. If you are wondering why he’s so high up on list, let’s just say that the people behind the music make a lot more than what you know.

5. Tinashe – Zimbabwe.

           
         Twenty-four-year-old Tinashe Kachingwe sang before she could talk. Her Zimbabwean father Michael, and mother Aimie, from Denmark, have always helped. Tinashe was a child model by the age of three, made her first appearance in 2000 in the film Cora Unashamed and her voice starred in the cartoon feature film The Polar Express alongside Oscar-winning actor, Tom Hanks.

6. Jidenna – Nigeria.

        By the age of 10, Jidenna Theodore Mobisson knew he wanted to do music but was afraid to tell his father who wanted him to be an engineer. It was just as well that his name means embracing the father.

 

7. Wizkid – Nigeria.

        

         Wizkid is arguably currently the uncrowned king of African music. Grammy Award-winning artist, Alicia Keys and husband Swizz Beatz, danced to his songs Ojuelegba and Caro, with Keys posting a video on her Instagram account with the caption, “This song makes me happy” and Kylie Jenner posted a video of herself dancing to Wizkid’s music on snapchat.

8. Davido – Nigeria.

      Davido has claimed a high status in just five years. The single Back When planted him firmly in the music business in 2011. “It was people like [Nigerian music veterans] P-Square and D’Banj who made me believe that all this was possible,” he recalls. Dami Duro, an unexpected hit, leaked online almost a year prior to its official release, became the crown jewel for his widely acclaimed 2012 debut album, Omo Baba Olowo.

9. Sarkodie – Ghana.

             
       You can’t mention Ghanaian music and not think of Sarkodie. He literally took the Ghana music industry from almost there, to everybody pay attention! With everyone from Tim Westwood to Ludacris giving him props. Sarkodie has managed to carve out a path for himself that no one can touch. Not only is he an incredible talent, he is also a presidential youth ambassador in Ghana. He’s established the Sarkodie Foundation to tackle the plight of the homeless and needy children in his country. Businesswise, he has his clothing label Sark clothing.
         Let’s just say while most people are getting their gear made in china, Sarkodie is getting his line made in Dubai. He is also a brand ambassador to electronics giant Samsung. He’s won over 14 awards and has a sweet deal with Ghanaian ice cream production company Fan Milk Ghana. With a solid 360 career, it’s safe to say Sarkodie is not a business man, he is a business, man!

10. Oliver Mtukudzi – Zimbabwe

          
          Oliver (Tuku) Mtukudzi has 65 albums under his belt — more than Michael Jackson and Whitney Houston. It’s a remarkable career stretching back 41 years with songs that have enlivened parties all over the world.

“I never decided to be in the music industry. It was in me. My mother said ‘you are a good singer but you will never surpass your birth cry. Your birth cry was so beautiful’,” says Mtukudzi.

                          
MA             MAHOMBI ft DIAMOND

    



                        MADEE -HELA

                                                         NANDY - NAGUSA

                                  

                                    
                                       DITO -MOYO SUKUMA DAMU

DARASA ft BEN PAUL-MUZIKI

ALI KIBA ATWAA TUZO TATU KWA JIWE MOJA  -EATV AWARDS

Msanii Ali Kiba maarufu kama "King" (mfalme) wa bongo fleva amejinyakulia tuzo tatu kwa mkupuo katika tuzo zilizoandaliwa na kituo cha luninga cha East Africa ,zilizopewa jina la EATV AWARDS.

Ali Kiba ameshinda tuzo ya mwanamuziki bora wa kiume ,wimbo bora wa mwaka na video bora ya mwaka ,tuzo zote hizo akizishinda kwa kupitia wimbo mmoja tu ambao mpaka sasa una zaidi ya miezi mitano tangu ulipoachiwa,lakini ukiusikiliza utazani umetoka jana tu. Kweli anastahili zaidi ya tuzo tatu.

 Kitendo cha kushinda tuzo tatu kwa kupitia wimbo mmoja kinamfanya Ali Kiba kuendelea kuwa wa kipekee na kama haitoshi wimbo wenyewe kuwa wa kipekee zaidi.

Video ya AJE ,iliyompa Ali Kiba tuzo tatu

       Ukiachana na Ali Kiba wasanii wengine walio shinda tuzo mbalimbali ni pamoja na mwanadada  komando lao, mkali asiyechuja kwa zaidi ya miaka kumi na tano huyu si mwingine ni Lady Jaydee ,aliyenyakuwa tuzo ya mwanamuziki bora wa kike. Mbali na kuchukua tuzo hiyo Komando Jide pia aliambatana na mchumba wake mpya na kufanya kama zawadi ya kushtukiza kwa mashabiki wake.

Lady Jaydee akiwa na mchumba wake mpya mara baada ya kushinda tuzo

Kwa upande wa mwigizaji bora wa kiume tuzo hiyo ilikwenda kwa mwigizaji mpya katika tasnia ya uigizaji ambaye anaupekee wa aina yake ,naye ni Salim Ahmed ,alimaarufu kama Gabo .

Sherehe hizo za utoaji tuzo zilihudhuliwa na mastaa wengi sana waliotupia mavazi nadhifu.Shukrani sana kwa waandaaji wa tuzo EAST AFRICAN TV pamoja na wadhamini na wote walioshiriki kila kitu kilikuwa sawa.

By;Richard Sheim

RICH MAVOKO FT DIAMOND PLATINUMZ -KOKORO

HUU NDIO MWONEKANO MPYA WA DIAMOND PLATINUMZ

   Msanii wa kitanzania anayekimbiza Afrika sasa amekuja na muonekano tofauti.Awali alizoeleka katika muonekano wa kiduku ,lakini hivi karibuni amebadili mtindo wa nyele zake kwa kuamua kusuka rasta kwa staili ya pekee kabisa. big up sana baba TIFA kwa staili mpya, acha wa kugeza tugeze  . ... . ... .  

Platinumz katika muonekano mpya ofisini kwake akizungumza na waziri wa habari ,sanaa na michezo Nape Mnauye

AMA KWELI WATU WANATOKA MBALI

Katika picha hapo juu ni wanamuziki Nasibu Abdull na swahiba wake wa nguvu ,baba Kaira A.K.A  Sheta.Enzi hizo wakiwa chipukizi ,"DUNIANI USIKATE TAMAA"

          JAY Z NA MKEWE WATUMIA BODABODA.

                                             Katika hali isiyotegemewa kabisa kutokea mwana muziki maarufu na tajiri duniani  pamoja na mkewe walinaswa wakiwa wamepanda bodaboda.Wanandoa hao walionekana kutokujali macho ya watu,hata hivyo tukio hilo halikuonekana la ajabu kwani hakuna aliyewashangaa saana. 

         Wasanii wa Afrika hasa watanzania wanapaswa kujifunza jambo kutoka kwa wasanii hawa maarufu duniani. 

                         

            Ni jambo lisilofichika kuwa wasanii wetu wamekuwa wakilewa na umaarufu finyu na uchache wa pesa walizonazo ambazo huziona nyingi kweli kweli kiasi cha kuajiri  mabodigadi na kuigiza kuishi maisha ya kifahari kana kwamba wao ni matajiri wa dunia.Wengine wamekuwa wakikodi au kuazima magari kisa tu waonekane wamenunua .Tuacheni unafiki jamani tujikubali.

TIGO, WAWEKA PINGAMIZI KWA AY NA MWANA FA
          

              Kampuni ya simu ya MIC Tanzania (Tigo) imekata rufaa kupinga hukumu iliyotolewa siku moja kabla ya kuweka pingamizi hilo,katika mahakama yaya wilaya ya Ilala.Hukumu hiyo iliamuru Ambwene Yesaya (AY) na Hamis Mwijuma (Mwana FA)  walipwe  sh.2bilioni  kutokana na kutumia nyimbo za wasanii hao nyota nchini ,kama miito ya simu bila ridhaa yao.Nyimbo zilizotumika ni . "Dakika moja"   na "Usite mjua " walizoshirikiana.

         

               R.I.P.  JAMES. P. KIMYAMBE

                       
                                

                     Tasnia ya filamu nchini imepata pigo la msiba wa gwiji wa kuigiza filamu za kuchekesha.Si mwingine bali ni ndugu James Kinyambe ali maarufu kwa jina la KINYAMBE .
                                                                                                                                                                                 
          Atakumbukwa sana na watanzania hasa kwa njinsi alivokuwa akichekesha kwa vituko vya aina yake huku akiongea ukweli kwa njia ya utani .
                       
                  
           Msiba wake ulihudhuliwa na watu wengi wakiwemo ndugu zake ,marafiki zake, waigizaji wenzake pamoja na wapenzi wa kazi zake za kuigiza ambazo kila aliyeziangalia hakuacha kucheka.

                                          Bwana ametoa ,bwana ametwaa jina la bwana libarikiwe . AMINA 

             

        LADY JAYDEE ADHALILISHWA

                          

         Ikiwa ni miezi michache imepita tangu  mwanamuziki  Judith Wambula A.K.A  Komando JIDE arudi kwenye gemu ya muziki na ngoma yake kali inayotikisa kunako redio na chaneli mbalimbali za luninga ,pigo limempata.ni la maneno ya kejeli na matusi ya nguoni yaliyotolewa na aliyekuwa mume wake mtangazaji maarufu wa jahazi Gadner G. Habash 

        Ilikuwa kataka hafla fulani iliyoandaliwa na Cloudz Fm ambapo ripota wetu alimnukuu akisema etiii hababaishwi na yule mwanamke (akimaanisha JIDE ) ,kwani alishamkojoza kwa zaidi ya kama miaka kumi na tano hivi . DAAH . . ! Maneno ya Gadner hayo  siyo yangu,jamani

        Kwa upande wake komando  Jide wala hakuonyesha kuumia ,badala yake aliutumia mtandao wake wa facebook kuwasihi wanafamilia na mashabiki wake wawe wavumilivu kwani yatasemwa na yatapita . . .  Kweli huyu KOMANDOOO.

         Lakini jambo hili lilipokelewa kwa namna tofauti na viongozi wa serikali ambao hawakusita kulikosoa,

                          

kwa upande wake DR.Kingwagala naibu waziri wa afya alimsihi  Gadner amuombe radhi Lady Jaydee kwani kitendo hicho si tu kinamdhalilisha yeye tu bali kinawadhalilisha wanawake wote. Kaa chini Gadner ,tafakari ,chukua hatua,ni ushuri wa bure tunaoweza kukupa 

 

 

  

          I LOVE YOU MAMAA . . . MWAAAA. . . 

          Wakati dunia nzima ikiazimisha siku ya wakina mama duniani ,msanii anayekimbiza Afrika  DIAMOND PLATINUMZ hakuachwa nyuma .Amekuwa akisikika mara kwa mara katika vyombo vya habari akizungumzia juu ya umuhimu wa mama yake katika mafanikio yake ya muziki, hivyo kwa namna ya pekee alitupia picha  katika mtandao wake wa facebook  akimbusu mama yake enzi hizo za utoto  wake .Mmmmmh! . . . Inapedeza sana . . NANI KA MAMA. . . ?

                           DIAMOND AKIMBUSU MAMA YAKE UTOTONI

                              HAPPY MOTHER'S DAY

         We are glad to join the world in this special day of all mothers in the world .
                   
            No one could be, wherever he/she is  without your  care .Live long . . .mothers. . .

           
                   

       

        HELOO. .!! . . . PEOPLE  WELCOME. . .

       Tanzanian celebrity Lulu Michael spent her Christmas with her family and relatives in the village ,it was really wonderful ,she enjoyed many things ,like good traditional food including tasting traditional drink and experiencing natural environment . big up Lulu .





  PEOPLE HAVE GOT TALENTS. . . . LOOK AT THIS GUY

      




 LOOK AT THE APPEARANCE OF THESE

FAMOUS MUSICIANS AT THEIR YOUNGE

R AGE.

JUST LAUGH LOUDER,YOU HAVE FEW DAYS ON THIS

EARTH

 

 DIAMOND PLATINUMZ-AINGIA MATATANI.

Mwanamuziki wa kizazi kipya anayekimbiza Tanzania ameingia katika sintofahamu mara baada tu ya kuachia wimbo wake mpya unaokwenda kwa jina la "Je Utanipenda". Katika wimbo huo hasa katika sehemu za mwanzo kabisa za wimbo Diamond anaonekana akimtangaza Dr.Mwaka  pamoja na kutuo chake cha tiba asilia.

Siku chache baada ya wimbo huo kuwekwa hewani ,naibu waziri wa afya alifanya ziara ya kushtukiza katika kituo hicho cha afya, na kubaini kuwa kilikuwa kinaendeshwa kimakosa,na kutoa maagizo makali dhidi ya mmiliki pamoja na watendaji wa kituo na kuomba uchunguzi zaidi ufanyike. Hali hiyo imezua maswali mengi kwa mashabiki wa Diamond na watanzania kwa ujumla  wakihoji "kulikoni Diamond kutangaza kituo cha afya ambacho kina utata. . ? 

         Moja ya picha iliyotengenezwa katika mtandao ,iki muonyesha Diamond akijuta ,na nukuu. "Khee kumbe Mwaka sio Dr.? Ila si bado Mtanipenda "

JE UTANIPENDA - DIAMOND PLATNUMZ

ONGEZA UTANASHATI KWA KUVAA SUTI

Wakati mwingine mtu (hasa mwanaume) anaweza onekana nadhifu si tu kwa kuvaa mavazi meupe ila  kwa kuvaa vazi fulani ,hasa suti.Suti zipo za aina nyingi kuna za kifungo kimoja ,vifungo viwili na kadhalika, ni jambo la mtu kufika dukani na kujichagulia mwenyewe. Kuna wale wenzangu wanaopenda kushonesha pia si jambo baya cha msigi tu upendeze. Vijana wengi siku hizi wamekuwa na destuli ya kuvaa suti hasa waendapo katika shughuli maalum na hivyo kuonekana nadhifu kwelikweli.Hebu tupia jicho katika picha hizi ujionee mitindo mbalimbali ya suti 

                 

LADY JAYDEE ,AVUTA MKOKO MPYAA

Mwanamuziki mkongwe Tanzania Lady Jaydee A.K.A Komando jide amenunua gari mpya aina ya Range Rover ,Hili ni moja tu kati ya mafanikio anayoendelea kuyapata mwanadada huyo kutokana na shughuli zake za hapa na pale ukiwamo muziki

           
              UKIONA CHAPENDEZA UJUE KINATUNZWA
Nilipotupia jicho katika  picha hizi hapa chini za mwanadada mrembo anayekimbiza duniani ,nilikumbuka wimbo wa Christian Bella akimshirikisha ALLY Kiba "NAGARAMIA"
Ni ukweli usiopingika kwamba Kim Kadasian si tu anagharamiwa bali pia anatunzwa ,analindwa na mumewe waliyezaa naye mtoto mmoja. . . . .jionee mweyewe picha hizi

ALLY KIBA & VICTORIA KIMANI In  the COKE STUDIO

                           
                                

TOBA  BY SHAA

YAMOTO BAND -CHEZA KWA MADOIDO

HUU NI UKWELI JAMAN. .. UNABISHA FANYA UTAFITI 

Ni destuli kwa mtu kuonyesha ustarabu katika kufanya mambo mbalimbali mbele ya jamii ,mara nyingi watu huonyesha ustaarabu huo katika mavazi,mioondoko katika utembeaji, uongeaji na namna ya kula chakula.Haijalishi rika wala jinsia katika kuonyesha ustaarabu.Lakini katika kufanya hayo wengi huwa wanafiki kwani tabia ya kistaarabu waionyeshayo huwa ni ya kuigiza na si tabia yao halisi .Utafiti umeonyesha kwamba wanawake huongoza katika kuigiza tabia za kistaarabu,utafiti huo unaonyesha kwamba katika swala la mlo wanawake wengi hula kistaarabu wawapo mbele za watu tofauti na wawapo wenyewe faragha.

Hata hivyo wanaume nao hawaachwi mbali kwani nao  wamekuwa na tabia hiyo ingawa si kwa kiwqango kikubwa kama wanawake .Washauri wanashauri kwamba watu wajijengee destuli za kustaarabika popote pale ,mbele za watu na hata pasipo watu

By;Richard Sheim

SEE THIS...!!!!

IT'S ALL ABOUT    LOVE

WAMETOKA MBALI...

Ni Joti na Mpoki waigizaji katika kundi la Original comedy

Nakumbuka miaka ya 2003 hivi ndipo nipoanza kuwaona hawa jamaa ,wakiigiza katika michezo ya kuigiza iliyokuwa ikioneshwa na kutuo cha luninga cha ITV. Michezo hiyo ilikuwa chini ya kikundi cha uigizaji cha Kaole

Enzi hizo walikuwa wembamba wasiojua kuvaa, kwa maneno mengine waweza waita washamba. .hahahaha. . .Si walaumu huenda kipato hakikuruhusu.Lakini hali haikuendelea kuwa hivyo kwani vijana hawa walizidisha juhudi ,ubunifu na maarifa na kufanikiwa kuiteka sanaa ya uigizaji na uchekeshaji mpaka wa leo,ambapo wanamiliki majumba ,wanatembelea magari ya kifahari na wanamaisha bombaa si mchezo

                               JOTI & MPOKI Picha ya enzi na ya sasa

JOTI ,Katika ubora wake akiigiza  kama babu

NANI KAMA MAMA . . . ?

HAKUNAA. . , Ni jibu linalojirudia ndani ya kichwa cha DOGO ASLAY hasa pale anaposhuhudia mwili wa mama yake kipenzi ukisindikizwa kaburini. 

Mama aliyechakalika kuhakikisha Aslay anafika hapo alipo. Ni mama yule anayemfanya  Aslay  kupambana na maisha ili arudishe fadhira .kiukweli inauma kupoteza mama .Tunamwombea kwa Mungu  mama yetu mpendwa

Kundi la YAMOTO BAND wakisabahi mwenzao  aliyepatwa na msiba

     

* KIBONZO *

MAMA WA DOGO ASLAY  AFARIKI

DUNIA 

    Ikiwa ni muda mfupi tu tangu kundi linalounda bendi ya YAMOTO BAND kuachia video yao ya CHEZA KWA MADOIDO , limepata pigo baada ya kiongozi wao kufiwa na mama yake mzazi

Dogo ASLAY Alionekana kujituma sana ili kuhakikisha mama yake hapati taabu ,Mara kadhaa alikaririwa akisema kuwa muziki umemfanya amjengee nyumba mama yake. Asiliasilia tunaungana na watanzania wote kutoa pole  kwa kijana mwenzenu na ndugu jamaa wanaohusika,Mungu ailaze roho ya mama yetu pema peponi. AMINA

NI VIJIMAMBO  TU . VYA MTAANI

                          Ujanja wote mfukoni, 

ADAKWA  AKINOA KIWEMBE

Njemba mmoja  alijikuta katika wakati mgumu mara baada ya kukutwa na majirani zake akinoa kiwembe katika kuta za choo.

www.facebook.com/richard.sheim

AFRICAN ARTST,AKON ,TO HELP  600 MILL PEOPLE

BAZEE   Ndo habari ya mjini

Hii ni kwa wale wote mashabiki nambari moja wa mitindo ya ASILI ,wewe kijana ,mzee na hata mtoto usipitwe na mtindo mpya mjini ,unaotamba kwa jina la . . . . BAZEE . . . . .Yaani . . . . ushindwe wewe. .

JAMANI . . . . . .MPEWE NINI. . . . .  ? Embu. . ,"Be proud of yourself"

Photos by the help of;

                                                                      Shedrack  Kanza

ALLY  KIBA _CHEKECHA CHEKETUA

Kiss Daniel ft Dovido & Tiwa Savage_ WOHU remix

Iyanya ft Don jaz _Gift

ALLY  KIBA  VS  DIAMOND PLATNUMZ

Kiboko yao concert

KUTANA NA  OMARY  JUMA

Kijana mwenye umbo dogo na kipaji  cha pekee

HAHAHAHAHA. . . HAHAHA. . .

Nitoboeeeee . . . . . . . . !

        Nacheka sana nikikumbuka pale hotelini ,uliposhindwa kuagiza KUKU kwa lugha ya kingereza na badala yake ukachukua yai na kusema I NEED THE MOTHER OF THIS

By,Richard Sheim

Diamond platnumz. ft Mr Flavour-Nana

     

Jose chamilion - Wale wale

                               Stellah - Hammer Q

Chege & Mh. Temba ft DJ Mapholisa -Kaunyaka

                                            Barnaba -Suna. 

                       
                                   Linah ft C.Bella-Hello

                                   Nashindwa-Christian Bella

Je. . . . . ? Kuna bifu kati ya Diamond & Ally Kiba . . .?  Unataka kujua ukwali tazama hii show

   
                Mariarosa , Eddy Kendo . . hebu jionee. . .

                                  Wema Sepetu, azungumzia ,Diamond na Zari

Je. . . ? Unamjua Zari , " The Boss Lady ". . Tizama hapa. . .

May weather Greater fight

     



Top 25 Greatest Manny Pacquiao ultimate fight

                  PSqure- Collabo. Ft Don't Jazzy

Humans can see pretty well in the dark, but nocturnal animals like cats put us to 

shame. So what has the most sensitive eyes of all?

The human eye is one of evolution's greatest achievements. It can see tiny dust specks and huge mountains, near or far, in full colour. Backed by the processing power of our brains, it can also pick out movement and help us identify the people we love just by their faces.

One of the eye's best tricks is so good, you don't notice it. When you step from the brightly-lit outdoors into a dimly-lit building, the light level drops massively, but your eyes adjust almost immediately. That's because they have evolved to work even when there isn't much light around.

But other species are even better in dim light. Try reading a newspaper in the gloom of twilight, and the black letters will merge with the white background into a smoky greyness that your eyes cannot decipher. However, hand the paper to a cat and it would be fine, or at least it would if it knew how to read.

But even cats, despite their habit of hunting at night, are far from the most light-sensitive animals around. The creatures with the ultimate night vision have evolved amazing adaptations to capture the tiniest flickers of light. Some can even see when, according to our best understanding of physics, there is nothing to see at all.

To compare how much light animals need to see by, we'll be using lux - the amount of light per square metre. Human eyes work well in bright sunlight, when the illumination can be well over 10,000 lux. We can also see, albeit dimly, in just 1 lux, which is about what you get on a dark night.

A cat's eyes are subtly different to a human's (Credit: malik, CC by 2.0)

Domestic cat (Felis catus): 0.125 lux

Cats can see in just one-eighth of the illumination we need. That's because, while their eyes are basically similar to ours, they have a few tweaks that give them the upper paw at night.

Cats' eyes have larger lenses than humans'

Both human and cat eyes have three basic parts: a hole that lets light in, called a pupil; a lens that focuses the light; and a screen on which images are formed, called the retina. In a cat's eye, all three have been modified.

Whereas human pupils are circular, a cat's pupil is elliptical. It can narrow to a slit during the day and open wide for maximum illumination during the night. Human pupils can open and close, but not to such an extent.

Cats' eyes have larger lenses than humans', which can collect more light. They also have a reflective layer behind the retina called the tapetum lucidum. It's this layer that makes cats' eyes glow in the dark, because incoming light goes through the retina and then bounces right back out. In the process, the light passes through the retina twice, so the retina has two chances to absorb it.

Cats' glow-in-the-dark eyes can be alarming (Credit: Edwin Giesbers / NPL)

Cats have also changed the makeup of their retinas. There are two types of light-sensitive cells there. Cones are colour-sensitive but only work in bright light, while rods only do black-and-white but work in dim light. Humans have lots of cones, giving us rich colour vision in the day, but cats are big on rods. They have 25 rods to each cone, compared to four rods to each cone in humans.

Cats also pack in 350,000 rods per square millimetre in their retina, compared to the measly 80,000-150,000 that humans have. What's more, in cats, the signals from about 1500 rod cells are pooled into each neuron that leads out of the retina. That means weak signals can be added up to make a detailed image.

There is a downside to this. Cats' day vision is similar to that of humans with red-green colour blindness. They can distinguish blue from other colours, but cannot tell red, brown and green apart.

A western tarsier (Cephalopachus bancanus) (Credit: Tim Laman / NPL)

Tarsiers (Tarsiidae): 0.001 lux

Tarsiers are tree-dwelling primates from South East Asia. They have probably the largest eyes, relative to their body size, of any mammal. A tarsier's body, excluding the tail, is about 9-16 cm. Meanwhile its eyes are 1.5-1.8 cm across, and occupy almost the entire head.

The one downside of the huge eyes is that tarsiers cannot move them

They mostly eat insects, and hunt for prey early in the morning and late in the evening, typically in light levels between 0.001 and 0.01 lux. Scrambling through the treetops, they must spot small, well-camouflaged prey in near-darkness, and leap between branches without falling. 

They manage all this with eyes similar to our own, though obviously rather larger. Tarsiers' enormous eyes can allow a lot of light in, and large muscles surrounding the pupil regulate the amount of light that enters the eye. An equally large lens focusses images onto a retina packed with rods: more than 300,000 rods per square millimetre, similar to the retina of a cat.

The one downside of the huge eyes is that tarsiers cannot move them. To compensate, their heads can turn 180 degrees.

A dung beetle (Scarabaeus rugosus) (Credit: Tony Phelps / NPL)

Dung beetles (Onitis sp.): 0.001-0.0001 lux

Wherever there is rich animal manure, chances are you will find dung beetles. These beetles fly to the freshest dung pile and start living in the pile, rolling dung into balls to take away or tunneling under the pile to make a larder. Dung beetles of the genus Onitis fly at different times of the day, and night, to look for dung.

Dung beetle eyes are very different from ours. Insects have compound eyes, made of individual units called ommatidia packed together in different ways.

In insects that fly during the day, each ommatidium has a sleeve of pigment that absorbs excessive light, ensuring they don't get dazzled. It also isolates each ommatidium from its neighbours. But in nocturnal insects, this pigment sleeve is missing. That means the light collected by many ommatidia can be pooled and focused onto a single photoreceptor, boosting the sensitivity.

Onitis dung beetles include both types. Day fliers have pigment sleeves, evening fliers pool information from ommatidia, and night fliers pool information from twice as many ommatidia as the evening fliers. The eyes of the nocturnal O. aygulus are 85 times more sensitive than the eyes of the day flying O. belial.

Sweat bee (Megalopta genalis) (Credit: USGS Bee Inventory and Monitoring Lab, CC by 2.0)

Social sweat bee (Megalopta genalis): 0.00063 lux

But that rule doesn't always apply. Some insects can see in extremely dim light, despite having visual systems that are clearly built for day vision.

Eric Warrant and Almut Kelber of Lund University in Sweden have found that some bees have sleeves of pigment separating their ommatidia, yet they do a fantastic job of flying around and finding food at night. For instance, they showed in 2004 that Megalopta genalis can find its way around at light intensities 20 times dimmer than starlight.

Face of a Megalopta genalis (Credit: USGS Bee Inventory and Monitoring Lab, CC by 2.0)

Being active at night has two advantages to bees: there is plenty of nectar and pollen from nocturnal flowers, and fewer predators and parasites. But it also means being able to see flowers, and to find your way back to the nest when you're done feeding, in the dark. Yet these bees' eyes are set up to see in the day.

They have done it by rewiring their eyes. Once the retinas absorb light, neural circuits transmit the information to the brain. This is another step in the process where signals can be added together to boost the image.

M. genalis has specialised neurons that link ommatidia into groups. That means the signals from all the ommatidia in the group are lumped together before being sent to the brain. This makes the resulting image blurrier, but considerably brighter.

Xylocopa violacea, a related species of carpenter bee (Credit: BSIP SA / Alamy)

Carpenter bee (Xylocopa tranquebarica): 0.000063 lux

This carpenter bee from the Western Ghats of southern India goes one better. It can even fly on moonless nights, when light intensities are even lower. "They can fly in starlight, on cloudy starlit nights and even when there is a lot of wind," says Hema Somanathan of the Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram.

When they encounter a sudden flash of light, these bees drop down

Somanathan has found that the ommatidia of X. tranquebarica have unusually wide openings, and its eyes are large relative to the size of its body. These modifications will all increase the amount of light harvested.

But they are not enough to explain its excellent night vision. It may also be grouping its ommatidia just like M. genalis.

They aren't limited to flying by night. "I have seen X. tranquebarica fly during the day, when their nests are disturbed by predators," says Somanathan. "When they encounter a sudden flash of light, these bees drop down, unable to process the high amount of light. But they still recover and start flying again."

It looks like these bees have the most sensitive night vision of any animal. But as of 2014, 

Source  BBC news

Joel Joshua 

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